The crew stated they were frightened but acted calmly once they decided what to do. Which human factors best explain both the initial close-quarters situation and the effective response once the situation was recognised?

A. Tunnel vision on the destination caused them to ignore the warship until it was too late

B. The crew lacked training — only professional mariners could have responded correctly

C. The crew were simply unlucky — no human factors were relevant

D. Initial: plan continuation bias (committed to the passage despite fog) and complacency about radar/AIS watch. Response: startle response managed by focusing on a known procedure (avoid, turn, run) rather than freezing. Outcome: authority gradient correctly overrode COLREGs right-of-way thinking

A. Maintaining speed and course — you have right of way as a sailing vessel

B. Nothing — fog signals are only required at anchor, not underway

C. Sounding fog signals (one prolonged blast every 2 min under engine), maintaining a proper radar/lookout, monitoring Ch 16, and reducing speed to minimum steerage way — all required in or near restricted visibility by COLREGs Rule 19

D. Displaying a radar reflector is sufficient — no sound signals needed for yachts under 20m

A. Go below and call the Coastguard first before attempting any manoeuvre

B. Tack immediately and sail away at maximum speed — military vessels always have right of way

C. Hold course — you have right of way and the warship must give way

D. Identify the vessel on AIS if fitted; check radar; try calling on Ch 16 immediately; assess collision risk by checking if the bearing is changing; prepare to take avoiding action under Rule 19