The crew stated they were frightened but acted calmly once they decided what to do. Which human factors best explain both the initial close-quarters situation and the effective response once the situation was recognised?

A. Initial: plan continuation bias (committed to the passage despite fog) and complacency about radar/AIS watch. Response: startle response managed by focusing on a known procedure (avoid, turn, run) rather than freezing. Outcome: authority gradient correctly overrode COLREGs right-of-way thinking

B. The crew lacked training — only professional mariners could have responded correctly

C. The crew were simply unlucky — no human factors were relevant

D. Tunnel vision on the destination caused them to ignore the warship until it was too late

A. Sounding fog signals (one prolonged blast every 2 min under engine), maintaining a proper radar/lookout, monitoring Ch 16, and reducing speed to minimum steerage way — all required in or near restricted visibility by COLREGs Rule 19

B. Nothing — fog signals are only required at anchor, not underway

C. Maintaining speed and course — you have right of way as a sailing vessel

D. Displaying a radar reflector is sufficient — no sound signals needed for yachts under 20m

A. Go below and call the Coastguard first before attempting any manoeuvre

B. Identify the vessel on AIS if fitted; check radar; try calling on Ch 16 immediately; assess collision risk by checking if the bearing is changing; prepare to take avoiding action under Rule 19

C. Hold course — you have right of way and the warship must give way

D. Tack immediately and sail away at maximum speed — military vessels always have right of way