Why are Fire Safety and Life Saving Appliances consistently the #1 and #2 deficiency/detention categories across both Paris MoU and Tokyo MoU statistics, year after year?

A. PSC inspectors are specifically instructed to find fire/LSA deficiencies even when none exist, to meet inspection quotas

B. These systems are only used in genuine emergencies, so degradation (corroded extinguishers, expired hydrostatic releases, faulty fire detection panels) goes unnoticed in routine operation until an inspector specifically tests them — unlike, say, a leaking pipe, which crew would notice and fix immediately because it affects daily work

C. Fire and LSA equipment is inherently less reliable than other shipboard systems regardless of maintenance

D. These categories were only added to the deficiency code list in 2025 and so naturally show high numbers

A. An automatic detention, since CO2 systems are always detainable if misunderstood

B. An automatic full pass, since the physical equipment was correctly identified

C. This scenario is not assessable under SIRE 2.0 because CO2 systems are tested separately from the main inspection

D. A "Hardware" pass but a "Human Factors" failure — the equipment exists and is correctly located, but the crew member cannot demonstrate the procedural knowledge needed to use it safely, which is graded independently and can still result in a "Not as Expected" or "Largely Complies" finding

A. STCW certification requirements for specific safety functions (advanced fire fighting, survival craft) are a statutory minimum manning/competency requirement, so a missing or expired certificate is a breach of an international convention, giving PSC the legal authority to record it as a deficiency (and potentially detain), not just a commercial vetting concern

B. These codes only apply to passenger vessels

C. Certificate checks are exclusively a SIRE/vetting matter and PSC inspectors are not authorised to check crew certificates

D. Certificate deficiencies are recorded but can never lead to detention under any circumstances