How does proximity to the seabed (shallow water) affect single-screw handling characteristics, particularly transverse thrust and steering response?

A. Squat only affects vessel draft and has no relevance to manoeuvring characteristics

B. In shallow water, the propeller race and rudder effectiveness can be modified by the restricted flow beneath the hull, and squat effects can change trim, which in turn affects how the propeller and rudder interact with the water — handling characteristics the OOW relies on in deep water (including the predictability of transverse thrust) may not behave identically in shallow water, requiring extra caution and reduced speed

C. Transverse thrust becomes completely absent in shallow water

D. Shallow water has no effect on propeller or rudder behaviour compared to deep water

A. The propeller blades on one side of the shaft work in deeper, less disturbed water than the blades on the other side, and this asymmetric loading, combined with the angle of the propeller race against the hull, produces a sideways force on the stern — for a right-handed propeller, this characteristically pushes the stern to starboard when going ahead and to port when going astern

B. It is caused entirely by wind acting on the superstructure, unrelated to the propeller

C. It is caused by rudder angle alone and disappears completely if the rudder is centred

D. It only occurs on twin-screw vessels and is not present on single-screw vessels

A. The difference is due only to engine RPM differences between ahead and astern settings

B. Going astern, there is no rudder effect to counteract the transverse thrust (since the rudder has little or no effect on a sternway-making vessel at low speed, especially with the engine going astern), so the sideways push of the propeller dominates the vessel's behaviour, whereas going ahead the rudder is normally effective and can counter or mask the transverse thrust

C. Transverse thrust does not exist when going astern under any circumstances

D. Transverse thrust is actually stronger when going ahead, not astern, and the question premise is reversed