A single right-handed-propeller vessel needs to turn in a confined space using "turning short round" (alternating short bursts of ahead/astern with rudder and engine). How is transverse thrust deliberately exploited in this manoeuvre?

A. Astern kicks during turning short round always swing the stern in the same direction as ahead kicks, providing no additional turning effect

B. Transverse thrust has no relevance to turning short round; the manoeuvre relies purely on rudder angle

C. Turning short round is only possible on twin-screw vessels and cannot be performed on a single-screw vessel

D. Kicks astern are used specifically to swing the stern to port (for a right-handed propeller) using astern transverse thrust, while kicks ahead with full rudder swing the bow in the desired direction — alternating the two uses the propeller's inherent sideways effect as a turning aid rather than fighting against it

A. The propeller blades on one side of the shaft work in deeper, less disturbed water than the blades on the other side, and this asymmetric loading, combined with the angle of the propeller race against the hull, produces a sideways force on the stern — for a right-handed propeller, this characteristically pushes the stern to starboard when going ahead and to port when going astern

B. It is caused entirely by wind acting on the superstructure, unrelated to the propeller

C. It is caused by rudder angle alone and disappears completely if the rudder is centred

D. It only occurs on twin-screw vessels and is not present on single-screw vessels

A. The difference is due only to engine RPM differences between ahead and astern settings

B. Going astern, there is no rudder effect to counteract the transverse thrust (since the rudder has little or no effect on a sternway-making vessel at low speed, especially with the engine going astern), so the sideways push of the propeller dominates the vessel's behaviour, whereas going ahead the rudder is normally effective and can counter or mask the transverse thrust

C. Transverse thrust does not exist when going astern under any circumstances

D. Transverse thrust is actually stronger when going ahead, not astern, and the question premise is reversed