Why do lead-acid batteries left completely discharged (or on very low charge) for extended periods, such as over winter layup, often fail to hold a charge afterward?

A. Cold weather alone permanently destroys any lead-acid battery regardless of its charge state

B. A battery left discharged for a long period allows lead sulphate crystals to harden on the plates (sulfation), which reduces the battery's effective capacity and can make it difficult or impossible to fully recharge, even once shore power or a charger is reconnected

C. Batteries left discharged over winter always recover fully with no lasting effect once recharged

D. This issue only affects lithium batteries, never lead-acid types

A. Nothing — a test lift can proceed immediately after repairs

B. Testing should wait until cargo operations begin

C. The area within the grab's swing radius should be cleared of personnel before the lift

D. Only the crane operator needs to be aware the lift is happening

A. Who must remain clear of the exclusion zone while the lift takes place

B. The lunch schedule for the deck team

C. Only the weather forecast for the next watch

D. The cargo manifest for the next port