Beyond physical survival needs, what psychological factor is recognised as important for group survival in a liferaft over an extended period?

A. Maintaining morale is solely the responsibility of the most senior person present, with no role for others

B. Maintaining morale, a sense of purpose (such as rotating watch duties, planning rescue scanning, rationing decisions made collectively), and realistic hope — survivors who maintain a structured routine and shared sense of control have been observed in real incidents to cope better over extended periods than those who lapse into passive despair

C. Psychological factors have no bearing on survival outcomes once physical needs like food and water are addressed

D. Survivors should be left entirely to their own individual thoughts with no structured group activity or roles

A. Cold shock response only affects people with pre-existing heart conditions and is not a general concern

B. Cold shock response is purely psychological with no physical effects on breathing or heart rate

C. Cold shock takes around an hour to develop and is identical to hypothermia

D. Cold shock causes an involuntary gasp reflex, rapid breathing, and a sudden spike in heart rate and blood pressure in the first minute or so of cold water immersion — this is actually a greater immediate drowning risk than hypothermia, which takes much longer to develop, because the gasp reflex can cause water inhalation if the face is submerged at that moment

A. A position used only when removing an immersion suit in calm water

B. A swimming technique designed to maximise speed when swimming towards a liferaft or rescue vessel

C. A position adopted by a lone individual in the water wearing a lifejacket — knees drawn up to the chest, arms crossed and held close to the sides of the body — which reduces the surface area exposed to cold water and protects areas of high heat loss (groin, sides of chest, head), significantly slowing the onset of hypothermia

D. A group huddling technique used only when more than five people are in the water together