How should a hypothermic survivor be rewarmed once safely inside a liferaft or rescue craft?

A. Encourage the survivor to move around and exercise vigorously to warm up faster

B. Rub the arms and legs briskly and apply direct heat sources like a hot water bottle directly to the skin as quickly as possible

C. Give the survivor a strong alcoholic drink to generate internal warmth quickly

D. Gradually and gently — remove wet clothing if possible and replace with dry insulation, place the person horizontally, use body heat from another person (skin-to-skin or close wrapping) if available, and avoid vigorous rubbing of limbs or rapid external heat sources, which can cause dangerous afterdrop (cold peripheral blood rushing back to the heart)

A. Cold shock response only affects people with pre-existing heart conditions and is not a general concern

B. Cold shock response is purely psychological with no physical effects on breathing or heart rate

C. Cold shock takes around an hour to develop and is identical to hypothermia

D. Cold shock causes an involuntary gasp reflex, rapid breathing, and a sudden spike in heart rate and blood pressure in the first minute or so of cold water immersion — this is actually a greater immediate drowning risk than hypothermia, which takes much longer to develop, because the gasp reflex can cause water inhalation if the face is submerged at that moment

A. A position used only when removing an immersion suit in calm water

B. A swimming technique designed to maximise speed when swimming towards a liferaft or rescue vessel

C. A position adopted by a lone individual in the water wearing a lifejacket — knees drawn up to the chest, arms crossed and held close to the sides of the body — which reduces the surface area exposed to cold water and protects areas of high heat loss (groin, sides of chest, head), significantly slowing the onset of hypothermia

D. A group huddling technique used only when more than five people are in the water together