What is 'automation bias' or ECDIS over-reliance, and how might it manifest for an OOW using ECDIS as the primary navigation tool?

A. A term with no real relevance to ECDIS use, since the system is designed to prevent all navigational error

B. A tendency to trust the system's displayed information and alarms as inherently correct, reducing independent verification and situational awareness — for example, not questioning a route that passes closer to a hazard than intended because 'ECDIS didn't alarm', or not cross-checking position against radar/visual cues because the ECDIS-displayed position is assumed correct by default

C. A fault that only affects ECDIS units more than 10 years old

D. A deliberate design feature intended to reduce OOW workload with no safety trade-off

A. The tidal height at the time of transit to confirm sufficient under-keel clearance

B. The yacht's fuel consumption for that leg

C. The colour of the seabed shown on the chart

D. Only the distance to the next waypoint

A. Switch the ECDIS to standby mode and navigate by GPS position alone

B. Ignore it — ECDIS alarms are frequently false and can be left running

C. Assess the situation against the planned route and charted depths, take action to maintain safe water, and inform the Master if there is any doubt

D. Acknowledge and silence the alarm immediately so it does not distract the helmsman