Beyond visually observing how much ice has accumulated, what should the Master/OOW actively monitor to assess the vessel's actual developing stability risk during an icing event?

A. Visual assessment of ice thickness alone is fully sufficient to assess stability risk, with no need to observe vessel behaviour

B. The vessel's roll period and roll behaviour (a sluggish, slow return to upright after rolling can indicate reduced GM/stability margin), along with freeboard and any change in the vessel's normal trim or list — these behavioural indicators give a more direct read on actual stability condition than visual ice thickness alone, which does not by itself tell you how much margin remains

C. Roll period and roll behaviour have no relationship to a vessel's stability condition and provide no useful information during an icing event

D. Stability risk during icing cannot be assessed in any way until the vessel actually begins to capsize

A. Vessel size has no bearing on the relative risk posed by a given amount of accreted ice

B. Ice accretion capsize risk depends solely on air temperature and has no relationship to vessel size or stability margin at all

C. A given mass of accreted ice represents a much larger percentage of a small vessel's total displacement and a proportionally greater rise in centre of gravity relative to its (generally smaller) margin of stability, compared to the same ice mass on a much larger vessel — small vessels with high topside structure (masts, rigging, gear) relative to their hull size are especially vulnerable

D. Larger vessels are always more vulnerable to ice accretion capsize risk than smaller vessels, reversing the actual relationship

A. Low air temperature (well below freezing) combined with strong wind generating significant sea spray, particularly when the vessel is heading into or across the weather such that spray is regularly thrown over the bow/sides onto exposed structure — the combination of cold air and wind-driven spray icing rate is far more severe than either factor alone

B. Air temperature has no bearing on icing rate; only wind speed determines how quickly ice accumulates

C. Icing is most severe in calm conditions with no wind or spray, regardless of air temperature

D. Icing only occurs when the vessel is stationary and never occurs while underway, regardless of conditions