An AED is available on board. A crew member collapses and is not breathing. When should the AED be used and what does it do?

A. Use the AED only after 5 minutes of CPR — early defibrillation is less effective

B. Apply the AED before starting CPR — the AED replaces CPR until the shock is delivered

C. Apply the AED as soon as it is available — attach pads while CPR continues; the AED analyses the heart rhythm and delivers a shock ONLY if a shockable rhythm (VF or pulseless VT) is detected; it will not shock if the rhythm does not require it

D. AEDs can only be used by trained medical professionals — lay users should do CPR only

A. Severe hypothermia — perform CPR immediately regardless of pulse

B. Mild to moderate hypothermia (core temp ~32–35°C) — remove wet clothing, insulate from wind and cold, warm with blankets and foil, give warm sweet drinks if conscious and no injury suspected, handle gently and do NOT rub limbs

C. Heat exhaustion — cool the casualty and give cold water

D. Mild hypothermia — exercise to generate body heat

A. Clear the airway by holding the casualty upside down first

B. Place in recovery position and monitor — never start CPR on a drowning victim who may vomit

C. Start rescue breaths (5 initial breaths) immediately, then begin standard CPR (30 compressions : 2 breaths) — airway and breathing take priority as drowning is a hypoxic event

D. Start chest compressions only — do not give rescue breaths