A crew member develops severe toothache on a 5-day offshore passage. The pain is preventing them from keeping watch. What options does a skipper have?

A. Nothing can be done at sea — the crew member must endure until port

B. Ibuprofen (anti-inflammatory) + paracetamol (analgesic) alternating every 4h provides good dental pain control; oil of cloves (eugenol) applied to the tooth is a traditional temporary measure; request medical advice via Ch 16; consider diverting to nearest port if crew safety is compromised

C. Antibiotics from the medical kit will cure dental pain within 24 hours

D. Extract the tooth using the first aid kit forceps — dental extraction is a seamanship skill

A. Severe hypothermia — perform CPR immediately regardless of pulse

B. Mild to moderate hypothermia (core temp ~32–35°C) — remove wet clothing, insulate from wind and cold, warm with blankets and foil, give warm sweet drinks if conscious and no injury suspected, handle gently and do NOT rub limbs

C. Heat exhaustion — cool the casualty and give cold water

D. Mild hypothermia — exercise to generate body heat

A. Clear the airway by holding the casualty upside down first

B. Place in recovery position and monitor — never start CPR on a drowning victim who may vomit

C. Start rescue breaths (5 initial breaths) immediately, then begin standard CPR (30 compressions : 2 breaths) — airway and breathing take priority as drowning is a hypoxic event

D. Start chest compressions only — do not give rescue breaths