Question 1

The bosun requests permission to enter the peak tank to inspect the forepeak mooring equipment. The tank has been unmanned for 6 months. As Chief Mate, describe the permit-to-work procedure.

Accepted Answer

ENCLOSED SPACE ENTRY — PEAK TANK PTW PROCEDURE: REGULATORY FRAMEWORK: Code of Safe Working Practices (COSWP), MSC-MEPC.2/Circ.16 (Revised guidelines on enclosed space entry), ILO C184, MSA 1995 and Merchant Shipping Regulations. An unmanned peak tank = a POTENTIAL OXYGEN-DEFICIENT or TOXIC ATMOSPHERE. Never assume any enclosed space is safe. BEFORE ENTRY: (1) ATMOSPHERIC TESTING: test the atmosphere BEFORE entry. Test for: (a) Oxygen level — must be 20.8% ±0.5% (safe range 19.5-23.5%). Below 19.5% = oxygen deficient = unconsciousness possible; (b) Flammable gases — Peak tank oxygen depletion: the forepeak tank is typically sealed for months at a time. In the absence of oxygen-consuming reactions, the O2 level should remain near normal. However: (a) corrosion of steel surfaces consumes oxygen; (b) if any organic material was present, biological oxygen demand; (c) in some cases, welding byproducts. Many enclosed space fatalities have occurred in "safe" spaces that were not expected to have oxygen depletion. 18% O2 is NOT safe: the COSWP specifies that oxygen levels below 19.5% require SCBA entry or additional precautions. At 18% O2 — symptoms of hypoxia (dizziness, poor judgement) can occur. At 16% — physical incapacitation. At 12% — unconsciousness rapidly. The 18% threshold in option C would be borderline hypoxic and is explicitly not the safe-entry standard. Enclosed space entry fatalities: enclosed space entry is one of the most persistent causes of maritime fatalities globally. The MAIB and global CIRM (Comité International Radio Maritime) consistently report 2-4 enclosed space entry deaths per year in UK maritime alone. The characteristic feature of these incidents is: (a) entrant enters thinking the space is safe; (b) rapidly loses consciousness due to oxygen depletion or toxic gas; (c) rescuer enters without SCBA to help and also becomes a casualty; (d) multi-fatality incident from one entry. The attendant MUST NOT enter without SCBA — this rule has been reinforced after every enclosed space investigation. Permit waiver for experienced bosun: no competence level, experience, or seniority exempts any person from enclosed space entry permit requirements. The ISM Code and COSWP are explicit: permit required for ALL enclosed space entries regardless of rank.

Question 2

At sea, the engine room unmanned machinery space (UMS) fire detection alarm sounds in the wheelhouse. As Chief Mate, describe your systematic response before activating the fixed CO2 system.

Accepted Answer

ENGINE ROOM FIRE — CHIEF MATE's RESPONSE: THIS IS A HIGH-STAKES DECISION — CO2 CANNOT BE RECALLED. IMMEDIATE ACTIONS: (1) GENERAL ALARM: sound general alarm — crew to muster stations; (2) STOP ENGINE ROOM VENTILATION: close all engine room ventilation fans and dampers. This starves the fire of fresh oxygen. Localised fires that are pre-flashover can be extinguished by ventilation isolation alone. Do NOT stop ventilation too late — allow time for air cutoff before CO2 activation; (3) FUEL CUT-OFF: stop fuel supply to the main engine and all auxiliary engines (switch to emergency generator); (4) PERSONNEL ACCOUNTABILITY: confirm ALL engineering crew are out of the engine room. NO-ONE MUST BE IN THE ENGINE ROOM WHEN CO2 IS RELEASED. Activate the CO2 only when you are 100% certain the space is clear; (5) VERIFY THE FIRE: a CO2 activation on a false alarm is at minimum a serious expense and out-of-service period. If possible (without opening access), use the smoke detector display to identify which zone is activated; (6) PRE-ACTIVATION CHECKS: (a) Close all E/R ventilation; (b) Close all fuel lines; (c) Stop all rotating machinery (if possible remotely); (d) Headcount confirmed — ALL personnel clear; (e) Close all doors, hatches, skylights to the engine room; (7) ACTIVATE CO2: from the remote release station. Announce "CO2 RELEASE, DO NOT ENTER ENGINE ROOM" on PA; (8) DO NOT OPEN E/R FOR AT LEAST 10 MINUTES: allow CO2 to flood and smother the fire; (9) NOTIFY: master, coastguard if required, company. CO2 SOLAS requirements: SOLAS II-2 Regulation 10 requires vessels of certain sizes to have a fixed CO2 fire suppression system in the engine room. The FSS Code (Fire Safety Systems Code) specifies the CO2 quantity required (at least 40% of the gross volume of the protected space). Pre-activation headcount requirement: this is non-negotiable and is the single most important step before CO2 activation. CO2 at the concentration required for fire suppression (34%+ CO2) is immediately lethal within minutes. Several fatalities have occurred globally when CO2 was released into spaces where personnel were still present. The ISM Code, FSS Code, and SOLAS II-2/10 all implicitly require a headcount before activation. Immediate opening (option B): opening the engine room to fight a fire manually when the room is already filling with smoke and the UMS alarm has sounded — is extremely dangerous. The engine room atmosphere may contain: carbon monoxide, unburnt fuel vapour, heated air above 60°C. Personnel entering without SCBA face immediate risk. The correct response is to assess the fire severity, attempt ventilation cutoff, and if the fire is significant — activate the fixed system. Immediate CO2 without checks (option C): the danger is activating CO2 with personnel still in the engine room. Speed is important — but not at the cost of human life. The checklist (fans, fuel, headcount, doors) takes 2-3 minutes and must be completed before activation. Chief engineer authority (option D): the master, chief officer, and other senior officers are all trained to operate emergency fire suppression systems. In an emergency, the chief mate must be capable of and authorised to activate the CO2 system. The chief engineer's authority extends to engine room operations under normal circumstances — not to emergency decisions that require immediate action.

Question 3

A galley fire has been extinguished. One crew member has burns and the galley is damaged. As Chief Mate, describe the post-fire actions.

Accepted Answer

POST-FIRE ACTIONS — CHIEF MATE: IMMEDIATE CARE: (1) CASUALTY CARE: the burned crew member — burns treatment from the Ship Captain's Medical Guide: (a) cool the burn with cool running water for 20 minutes (do not use ice); (b) DO NOT burst blisters, remove clothing stuck to burn, or apply creams; (c) Cover with cling film (or clean non-fluffy material) loosely; (d) Assess burn area (Rule of Nines for body surface area); (e) Contact TMAS for guidance and assess need for medevac (burns >10% BSA, face/hands/genitals, circumferential burns — all warrant medevac); SCENE MANAGEMENT: (2) DO NOT DISTURB the scene more than necessary. If MAIB investigation may occur — preserve the scene; (3) PHOTOGRAPH: take photographs of the damage before cleanup begins; (4) IDENTIFY THE SEAT OF THE FIRE: where did the fire start? What was the fuel source? This is important for: (a) future prevention; (b) MAIB/insurance investigation; MAIB NOTIFICATION: (5) MAIB Regulations 2012 — is this reportable? A galley fire with one crew member burned = potentially a "serious injury" (definition: burns covering >10% of BSA, or burns to face/hands). If the burned crew member's burns are serious — REPORT IMMEDIATELY (023 8023 2527). Even if burns are minor — a fire causing significant vessel damage may be reportable. When in doubt — notify MAIB; (6) COMPANY NOTIFICATION: DPA immediately; (7) ISM NON-CONFORMITY: file a full non-conformity report in the SMS; (8) INSURANCE: notify H&M insurers (via owner) for vessel damage; P&I for crew injury. CORRECTIVE ACTION: (9) What caused the fire? Was the deep fat fryer thermostat faulty? Was the galley left unattended? Was there a failure of fire suppression? Address root cause before the galley recommences operation. Burns first aid — cool water only: the universally accepted first aid for burns is cool running water for at least 20 minutes. This removes heat from the tissue and reduces burn depth. Butter, cooking oil, toothpaste, and any other home remedies are specifically contraindicated — they retain heat, introduce infection risk, and interfere with medical assessment. TMAS burn assessment: TMAS will guide the chief mate on assessing burn severity and whether medevac is required. Key assessment criteria: (a) extent (percentage body surface area burned — use Wallace Rule of Nines); (b) depth (superficial/partial/full thickness); (c) location (face, hands, genitals — always warrant hospital assessment); (d) inhalation injury (hoarseness, singed nasal hairs, carbonaceous sputum — very serious). MAIB reporting — galley fire threshold: MAIB Regulations 2012 Schedule 1 defines "serious marine incidents" including: "a fire... or any other incident causing material damage to a United Kingdom ship or to a ship in United Kingdom waters." A galley fire causing significant damage to the galley structure may meet this threshold. Report and let MAIB decide whether to investigate. Scene preservation: post-fire scene preservation is critical for insurance and investigation purposes. The seat of the fire, the path of fire travel, and the damage pattern are all evidence that allows investigators to determine origin and cause. Cleaning immediately destroys this evidence. The insurance surveyor and MAIB investigator need to see the scene as it was post-fire. Galley fire common causes: the most common galley fire causes are unattended cooking (especially deep fat fryers — these should have automatic thermostatic controls and a fire blanket immediately available), and grease-clogged extract ductwork which ignites and propagates fire through the ventilation system.