What does crisis management training teach about caring for passengers' psychological wellbeing during and after a major incident, beyond the immediate physical evacuation?

A. Psychological distress in passengers is not considered a genuine training topic within crisis management

B. Recognising that passengers will experience significant fear, shock, and distress, providing reassurance and clear ongoing information even once the immediate physical danger is addressed, and understanding that poor handling of this aspect can have lasting reputational and welfare consequences even where the physical evacuation itself was successful

C. Passenger psychological wellbeing is solely a matter for shore-based support services and has no bearing on onboard crew responsibilities during or immediately after an incident

D. Once the immediate physical danger has passed, no further crew attention to passenger welfare is required

A. Passenger ships involve managing large numbers of untrained, often anxious members of the public during an emergency, rather than a relatively small, drilled crew — this requires specific skills in directing crowds, managing panic, communicating clearly to people with no prior safety briefing experience, and accounting for passengers who may have mobility, language, or other needs

B. Crowd management is only relevant for vessels carrying more than 5,000 passengers, with no requirement on smaller passenger ships

C. Passengers are expected to manage themselves entirely independently during an emergency, with no crew role in directing or assisting them

D. Crowd management training is identical to standard crew muster training and offers no additional relevant content for passenger vessels

A. Passengers will always follow crew instructions immediately without any need for active prompting or reassurance

B. Human behaviour during emergencies is entirely unpredictable and cannot meaningfully be anticipated or trained for

C. A common pattern is denial or delayed reaction — many people initially underestimate the seriousness of a situation, continue normal activity, and delay responding to alarms or instructions, sometimes due to social proof (waiting to see what others do) — crew need to actively and clearly prompt action rather than assuming people will respond immediately and rationally to an alarm

D. People in an emergency situation always respond immediately, rationally, and without hesitation to any alarm or instruction