You are loading grain in bulk. What stability and cargo-related risks must you understand as OOW?

A. GRAIN CARGO — OOW RISKS AND REQUIREMENTS: SOLAS Chapter VI Part C and the GRAIN CODE (International Code for the Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk): (1) GRAIN SHIFT RISK: grain can shift transversely in cargo holds if: (a) Void space (unfilled space) exists above the grain surface; (b) Vessel rolls exceed a critical angle; (c) Grain settles during the voyage (shrinkage) creating void space. Shift can cause a sudden, uncorrectable list. Worst case — capsizing; (2) STABILITY REQUIREMENTS: the Grain Code requires: (a) GM (metacentric height) must not be less than 0.30m after accounting for grain heeling moments; (b) The grain heeling moment curve must be within defined GZ curve limits; (c) Residual GM to be sufficient; (3) DOCUMENT REQUIRED: a Grain Loading Document or approval from flag state authority must be on board; (4) SECURING: for partially filled holds — grain surfaces must be secured by: overstowing with bagged cargo; fitting longitudinal divisions (shifting boards) in the centreline; or other equivalent means; (5) LOADING PLAN: approved loading plan showing arrangement of holds, void spaces, and securing methods; (6) MOISTURE CONTENT: certain grains (soya, nickel ore concentrate, iron ore fines) can liquefy if moisture content exceeds the Transportable Moisture Limit (TML). Grain with excess moisture creates a flow state — potentially causing capsizing; (7) FLOW MOISTURE POINT: test certificates must be provided by the shipper for Group A cargoes (may liquefy).

B. Grain cargo is low-risk because grain is self-levelling. Once loaded flat, grain will not shift during the voyage regardless of vessel motion.

C. SOLAS requires grain cargoes to be loaded only in specially certified Grain Carriers. General cargo vessels cannot carry bulk grain regardless of loading arrangements.

D. Grain shift risk only applies to rice and wheat. Corn (maize), barley, and oilseeds do not shift and can be carried without the Grain Code requirements.