Question 1

Gard's loss prevention guidance repeatedly highlights that many serious incidents follow a 'normalisation of deviance' — small departures from procedure that become accepted because nothing went wrong before. As Master, what's the most effective way to counter this on board?

Accepted Answer

Actively encourage crew to raise near-misses and procedural drift without fear of blame, and personally follow the same standards you expect of others Gard's guidance on human factors and safety culture identifies normalisation of deviance — where shortcuts that 'worked fine last time' quietly become the new normal — as a precursor to many serious casualties. The most effective defence is an open reporting culture for near-misses and minor deviations, combined with visible leadership from the Master, who sets the tone for what is and isn't acceptable on board.

Question 2

Gard's guidance on near-miss reporting notes that crew sometimes hesitate to report their own minor errors or close calls. As an OOW, why does Gard say this matters for the wider fleet, not just your own ship?

Accepted Answer

Near-miss data, shared and analysed across a fleet (and via schemes like CHIRP Maritime), helps identify recurring risks before they cause a serious incident elsewhere Gard's loss prevention work draws heavily on aggregated near-miss and incident data — including confidential schemes such as CHIRP Maritime — precisely because a near-miss on one vessel is often a warning sign for a hazard that exists across many similar ships. A culture where OOWs report close calls without fear of blame is one of the cheapest and most effective loss-prevention tools available.

Question 3

During handover, the outgoing OOW mentions "in passing" that the autopilot has been cutting out intermittently but didn't log it. As the incoming OOW, what should you do?

Accepted Answer

Ask for it to be properly logged/reported, monitor the autopilot closely, and inform the Master/engineers so the fault can be investigated rather than relying on verbal handover alone Verbal-only handover of safety-relevant defects is a known precursor to incidents (a recurring CHIRP/MAIB theme). The correct response is to ensure it is properly logged, monitored, and escalated to those who can fix it — not left as an informal note.

Leadership Practice Questions